Race for entangled electrons
After years of struggle and fierce international competition Danish and Swiss researchers have succeeded in splitting electron pairs from superconductors using nanowires. Their sensational results have just been published in the renowned scientific journal Nature.
Behind the data, together with researchers from the University of Basel in Switzerland, is Associate Professor Jesper Nygård, leader of the nanophysics section at the Nano-Science Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen:
"The results are very fundamental and are ground-breaking for new experiments in quantum mechanics. It has been a hard struggle for the last 10 years to reach this point and now it has finally succeeded", says a happy Jesper Nygård.
The electrons are running in opposite directions
In superconductors the electric current flows without any
resistance. It has been known for decades that the current is carried
by electrons that are tightly bound in pairs. These electron pairs,
so-called Cooper-pairs, can be compared to identical twins. In addition
to looking alike, identical twins can have mental features in common.
For electron pairs the similarity is even more extreme: even when they
are physically separated, their fates are strongly entwined.
By coupling a small superconductor to an ultrathin nanowire the
researchers succeeded in separating the Cooper-pair from the
superconductor.
The two electrons run in opposite directions along the nanowire. The
electrons each run in opposite directions at a nanoscale T-junction,
but are still 'mentally connected' or 'entangled', as it is called in
the jargon of quantum mechanics.
Thus, the researchers can influence one of the electrons and see a
reaction in the other, even though the pair is physically separated.
The split electron pair functions as a kind of building blocks in quantum mechanics. Therefore researchers now have the possibility of performing a series of new quantum mechanics experiments with the physically separated, but ”entangled” twin electrons. Nanowires, which researchers have used to split the Cooper-pairs, also hold great potential.
Danish nanowires
"Physicists have tested many different materials for the
experiments, but in the end nanowires proved to be the most ideal
material to couple with the superconductor. In Copenhagen we had a
great deal of expertise in production of nanowires. Our contributions
have therefore been the wires, while the measurements were carried out
by the University of Basel", explains Jesper Nygård.
Since 2005 Ph.D. Claus B. Sørensen, Nano-Science Center, Niels Bohr
Institute and Martin Aagesen, CEO of SunFlake A/S have worked to
develop the cultivation of nanowires. The researchers use an advanced
instrument, called MBE – Molecule Beam Epitaxy. The instrument is
located at the Danish III-V Nanolab, which the Niels Bohr Institute and
Technical University of Denmark run in collaboration.
Until just a few years ago no one knew the MBE instrument could create
the extremely thin nanowires. Today the researchers use the Danish
wires both in the firm SunFlake A/S for prototypes of new solar cells
and in sensors for the medical industry.